2022 1 1 0 54

The Role of Continuous Education in Decreasing Unnecessary Transfers to Emergency Department by Emergency Medical Services; a Before-After Study 2 2 Emergency medical services (EMS) staff can play an important role in reducing emergency department (ED) overcrowding by decreasing unnecessary transfers. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of continuous education of EMS staff in decreasing the unnecessary transfers to ED. In this before-after study, analysis of 1500 EMS calls according to transferred and not transferred patients to ED was done and an educational package consisting of indications for transferring patients to ED based on existing references was prepared. EMS staff underwent an educational course by mentioned package and data of patients’ transportation after training was gathered and compared to the period before training. 3000 calls to pre-hospital emergency service were evaluated (1500 cases before and 1500 cases after training). The number of cases not transferred by EMS increased from 243 (16.2%) cases before training to 461 (30.7%) after that and the decreasing number of transfers to ED after training was significant (p<0.001). The highest percentage of decrease in transfer to ED belonged to complaints of lower back pain with 45%, mental problems with 27.7%, and direct extremity trauma with 23.4%, respectively. Patients not transferred to ED on the first call to EMS and coming with daily to ED during one week from the first call with the same complaint decreased from 13.6% (33 cases) to 8% (40 cases) after training. The highest percentage of the delayed coming patient to ED during 1 week after the first call to EMS belonged to cardiac complaints with 4.6% and mental complaints with 2.4%. Based on the findings of the present study, empowering pre-hospital emergency staff by continuous education leads to a 14.5% decrease in unnecessary referral cases and a 5.6% drop in unnecessary visits in ED. 1 6 2021/05/23 1400/3/2 2021/05/24 1400/3/3 Hossein Dinpanah Hossein Dinpanah Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Elham Azmoude Elham Azmoude Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Ali Izadi Ali Izadi Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. ایران Mostafa Kamali Mostafa Kamali Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Reza Ghasemi Reza Ghasemi Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Farimah Beheshti Farimah Beheshti Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Samaneh Kakhki Samaneh Kakhki Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Seyed Reza Khatibi Seyed Reza Khatibi Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران Emergency medical dispatch Emergency medical services Triage Patient safety Crowding 1. Hains IM, Marks A, Georgiou A, Westbrook JI. Non-emergency patient transport: what are the quality and safety issues? A systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2010;23(1):68-75.##2. Belway D, Henderson W, Keenan SP, Levy AR, Dodek P. Do specialist transport personnel improve hospital outcome in critically ill patients transferred to higher centers? A systematic review. Journal of critical care. 2006;21(1):8-17.##3. Camasso‐Richardson K, Wilde JA, Petrack EM. Medically unnecessary pediatric ambulance transports: a medical taxi service? Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997;4(12):1137-41.##4. Limprayoon K, Sonjaipanich S, Susiva C. Transportation of critically ill patient to pediatric intensive care unit, Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(Suppl 8):S86-91.##5. Health AIo. Australia's Health 2012: In Brief: AIHW; 2012.##6. Jerant AF, von Friederichs-Fitzwater MM, Moore M. Patients’ perceived barriers to active self-management of chronic conditions. Patient education and counseling. 2005;57(3):300-7.##7. Stolte E, Iwanow R, Hall C. Capacity-related interfacility patient transports: patients affected, wait times involved and associated morbidity. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2006;8(4):262-8.##8. Robinson V, Goel V, MacDonald RD, Manuel D. Inter-facility patient transfers in Ontario: do you know what your local ambulance is being used for? Healthcare Policy. 2009;4(3):53.##9. Lowthian JA, Cameron PA, Stoelwinder JU, Curtis A, Currell A, Cooke MW, et al. Increasing utilisation of emergency ambulances. Australian Health Review. 2011;35(1):63-9.##10. Bevan G, Hamblin R. Hitting and missing targets by ambulance services for emergency calls: effects of different systems of performance measurement within the UK. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society). 2009;172(1):161-90.##11. Mackenzie PA, Smith EA, Wallace PG. Transfer of adults between intensive care units in the United Kingdom: postal survey. BMJ. 1997;314(7092):1455.##12. Deasy C, O'Sullivan I. Transfer of patients--from the spoke to the hub. Irish medical journal. 2007;100(7):538-9.##13. Richards JR, Ferrall SJ. Inappropriate use of emergency medical services transport: comparison of provider and patient perspectives. Academic Emergency Medicine. 1999;6(1):14-20.## ##

The worldwide challenge of COVID-19 patient overload on hospitals: A modelling, meta-analysis-based study ندارد 2 2 Since a huge load of infected incoming people in the time of COVID-19 needs to be managed in medical facilities, estimation of the load extent of the outbreak and design of the facilities accordingly, can help the authorities to be equipped for such challenges. The basic reproduction number (R0) was obtained from a random-effects model in the meta-analysis procedure. The cumulative death numbers (CDN) were then estimated using the cubic curve estimations, which in turn, was based to estimate the required beds in each country. The shortages of beds were calculated from the difference between the available and required beds. Finally, a multiple barriers strategy was proposed according to epidemiological parameters to decrease patient overload during the outbreaks. The mean pooled R0 was found to be 3.04 (95%CI: 2.62-3.45). The correlation coefficients for the cubic curve estimations for different countries were 0.97-0.99. From hospital beds shortage standpoint, the results showed that Australia, South Korea, and Turkey are in a better position relative to other countries studied. However, Italy, Spain, France, the USA, and the UK will experience limitations if no action be taken to prevent COVID-19 from spreading. If the exponential growth of infection remains for the next weeks, the related authorities should consider much more hospital beds (as well as related supplementary equipment and medical-based staff) for COVID-19 infected cases. Although the considerable changes in the medical-based footprints can allocate the side effects of the challenge, it seems that we need to refine our frameworks to prevent or minimize, at least, the life losses. 7 16 2021/05/232021/04/10 1400/1/21 2021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 Maryam Foroughi Maryam Foroughi Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران maryam_foroghi88@yahoo.com Edris Bazrafshan Edris Bazrafshan Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران ed_bazrafshan@yahoo.com Behnaz Alafchi Behnaz Alafchi Hamedan Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan , Iran ایران Mohammad Sarmadi Mohammad Sarmadi Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران msarmadi2@gmail.com Sedighe Abbaspour Sedighe Abbaspour Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences ایران abbaspours1@thums.ac.ir COVID-19 Hospital beds Critical Care Beds Modelling Meta-analysis 1. Ralph R, Lew J, Zeng T, Francis M, Xue B, Roux M, et al. 2019-nCoV (Wuhan virus), a novel Coronavirus: human-to-human transmission, travel-related cases, and vaccine readiness. 2020;14(01):3-17.##2. Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TDJTL. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? 2020;395(10228):931-4.##3. Kock RA, Karesh WB, Veas F, Velavan TP, Simons D, Mboera LE, et al. 2019-nCoV in context: lessons learned? 2020;4(3):e87-e8.##4. Xu YJTim. Unveiling the Origin and Transmission of 2019-nCoV. 2020.##5. Remuzzi A, Remuzzi GJTL. COVID-19 and Italy: what next? 2020.##6. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L, et al. Time Course of Lung Changes On Chest CT During Recovery From 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia. Radiology. 2020:200370.##7. Miani A, Burgio E, Piscitelli P, Lauro R, Colao A. The Italian war-like measures to fight coronavirus spreading: Re-open closed hospitals now. EClinicalMedicine. 2020:100320.##8. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery. 2020;76:71-6.##9. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. 2009;151(4):264-9.##10. Gagnier JJ, Kienle G, Altman DG, Moher D, Sox H, Riley D, et al. The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2013;7(1):223.##11. Institute of Health Economics (IHE). Quality Appraisal of Case Series Studies Checklist. Edmonton (AB): Institute of Health Economics; 2014. Available from: http://www.ihe.ca/research-programs/rmd/cssqac/cssqac-about.##12. Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC, Dean RS. Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ open. 2016;6(12):e011458.##13. Rhodes A, Ferdinande P, Flaatten H, Guidet B, Metnitz P, Moreno RJIcm. The variability of critical care bed numbers in Europe. 2012;38(10):1647-53.##14. Phua J, Faruq MO, Kulkarni AP, Redjeki IS, Detleuxay K, Mendsaikhan N, et al. Critical Care Bed Capacity in Asian Countries and Regions. 2020.##15. Ritchie H. Coronavirus Source Data 2020 [cited 2020 April 11,]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-source-data.##16. WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.##17. Surveillances VJCCW. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020. 2020;2(8):113-22.##18. Xie J, Tong Z, Guan X, Du B, Qiu H, Slutsky AS. Critical care crisis and some recommendations during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Intensive Care Medicine. 2020.##19. Abbott S, Hellewell J, Munday J, Funk S, group Cnw. The transmissibility of novel Coronavirus in the early stages of the 2019-20 outbreak in Wuhan: Exploring initial point-source exposure sizes and durations using scenario analysis. Wellcome Open Research. 2020;5(17):17.##20. Anastassopoulou C, Russo L, Tsakris A, Siettos C. Data-based analysis, modelling and forecasting of the COVID-19 outbreak. PloS one. 2020;15(3):e0230405.##21. Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, et al. The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science (New York, NY). 2020.##22. Iwata K, Miyakoshi C. A Simulation on Potential Secondary Spread of Novel Coronavirus in an Exported Country Using a Stochastic Epidemic SEIR Model. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(4):944.##23. Jung SM, Akhmetzhanov AR, Hayashi K, Linton NM, Yang Y, Yuan B, et al. Real-Time Estimation of the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection: Inference Using Exported Cases. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2).##24. Ki M, nCo VT. Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Republic of Korea. Epidemiology and health. 2020:e2020007.##25. Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, Liu Y, Edmunds J, Funk S, et al. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020.##26. Kuniya T. Prediction of the Epidemic Peak of Coronavirus Disease in Japan, 2020. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(3):789.##27. Lai A, Bergna A, Acciarri C, Galli M, Zehender G. Early phylogenetic estimate of the effective reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of medical virology. 2020.##28. Wang L, He W, Yu X, Hu D, Bao M, Liu H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: Characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. The Journal of infection. 2020.##29. Li R, Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Yang W, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). Science (New York, NY). 2020.##30. Liu T, Hu J, Kang M, Lin L, Zhong H, Xiao J, et al. Transmission dynamics of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). bioRxiv. 2020:2020.01.25.919787.##31. Ding Q, Lu P, Fan Y, Xia Y, Liu M. The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020.##32. Majumder M, Mandl KD. Early transmissibility assessment of a novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. China (January 23, 2020). 2020.##33. Park SW, Bolker BM, Champredon D, Earn DJ, Li M, Weitz JS, et al. Reconciling early-outbreak estimates of the basic reproductive number and its uncertainty: framework and applications to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak. medRxiv. 2020.##34. Read JM, Bridgen JR, Cummings DA, Ho A, Jewell CP. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions. medRxiv. 2020:2020.01.23.20018549.##35. Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2020;25(4).##36. Rocklov J, Sjodin H, Wilder-Smith A. COVID-19 outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: estimating the epidemic potential and effectiveness of public health countermeasures. Journal of travel medicine. 2020.##37. Shen M, Peng Z, Xiao Y, Zhang L. Modelling the epidemic trend of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. bioRxiv. 2020:2020.01.23.916726.##38. Tang B, Bragazzi NL, Li Q, Tang S, Xiao Y, Wu J. An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov). Infectious Disease Modelling. 2020;5:248-55.##39. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10225):689-97.##40. Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang A, Jalali N, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv. 2020.##41. Zhang S, Diao M, Yu W, Pei L, Lin Z, Chen D. Estimation of the reproductive number of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and the probable outbreak size on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: A data-driven analysis. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2020.##42. Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, et al. The basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) estimation based on exponential growth in the early outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A reply to Dhungana. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2020.##43. Zhao S, Lin Q, Ran J, Musa SS, Yang G, Wang W, et al. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2020;92:214-7.##44. Zhao S, Musa SS, Lin Q, Ran J, Yang G, Wang W, et al. Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020;9(2).##45. Zhou T, Liu Q, Yang Z, Liao J, Yang K, Bai W, et al. Preliminary prediction of the basic reproduction number of the Wuhan novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Journal of evidence-based medicine. 2020;13(1):3-7.##46. Bagenstos SRJNotL, Rationing EoD-BM. May Hospitals Withhold Ventilators from COVID-19 Patients with Pre-Existing Disabilities? Notes on the Law and Ethics of Disability-Based Medical Rationing. 2020.##47. Wang Y, Dong C, Hu Y, Li C, Ren Q, Zhang X, et al. Temporal Changes of CT Findings in 90 Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Longitudinal Study. Radiology. 2020:200843.##48. Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, Deng L, Zhao Q, Wang H, et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.##49. Bedford J, Farrar J, Ihekweazu C, Kang G, Koopmans M, Nkengasong JJN. A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response. 2019;575(7781):130-6.##50. Niud Y, Xu FJTLGH. Deciphering the power of isolation in controlling COVID-19 outbreaks. 2020;8(4):e452-e3.##51. Kock RA, Karesh WB, Veas F, Velavan TP, Simons D, Mboera LE, et al. 2019-nCoV in context: lessons learned? 2020.##52. Gros C, Valenti R, Valenti K, Gros DJapa. Strategies for controlling the medical and socio-economic costs of the Corona pandemic. 2020.##53. Inaba H. Basic Reproduction Number $$ R_0 $$. Age-Structured Population Dynamics in Demography and Epidemiology: Springer; 2017. p. 443-501.##54. Hellewell J, Abbott S, Gimma A, Bosse NI, Jarvis CI, Russell TW, et al. Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts. Lancet Glob Health. 2020.##55. Wilder-Smith A, Chiew CJ, Lee VJJTLID. Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? 2020.##56. Cowling BJ, Fang VJ, Riley S, Malik Peiris JS, Leung GM. Estimation of the serial interval of influenza. Epidemiology. 2009;20(3):344-7.##57. Nishiura H, Linton NM, Akhmetzhanov ARJIjoid. Serial interval of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections. 2020.##58. Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklöv JJJotm. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. 2020.## ##

Feeding of Nigella sativa during lactation improved serum prolactin level of hypothyroid and euthyroid rats مصرف سیاه دانه در دوران شیردهی باعث افزایش میزان سرمی پرولاکتین در رت های دارای تیروئید و بدون تیروئید می شود 2 1 مقدمه: Nigella sativa (NS) در طب عامیانه پیشنهاد شده است که در دوران شیردهی اثرات مفیدی خواهد داشت. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی اثرات تغذیه با عصاره هیدروالکلی NS در طی شیردهی بر سطح پرولاکتین مادران و افزایش وزن فرزندان پروپیل تیوراسیل (PTU) ناشی از موشهای هیپوتیروئید و یوتیروئید انجام شد. روش ها: چهل موش صحرایی باردار به طور تصادفی به 8 گروه تقسیم شدند و تحت درمان قرار گرفتند: (1) آب آشامیدنی معمولی به عنوان یک گروه کنترل. (2) 0.005٪ PTU در آب آشامیدنی ؛ (3-5) 100 ، 200 یا 400 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم عصاره آبی الکلی NS: عصاره به میزان 100، 200 و 400(6-8) میلی گرم در کیلوگرم  در آب آشامیدنی بدون PTU. مادران از روز اول پس از زایمان از طریق دوره شیردهی درمان های آزمایشی را دریافت کردند. فرزندان تا دو ماه اول زندگی خود به درمان های آزمایشی ادامه دادند. ده فرزند پسر از هر گروه به طور تصادفی انتخاب و در روزهای 10 ، 30 و 60 پس از زایمان وزن شدند. برای تعیین سطح هورمون تحریک کننده تیروئید (TSH) ، تیروکسین و پرولاکتین ، نمونه خون از مادران پس از دوره شیردهی جمع آوری شد. در روز 60- پس از زایمان ، نمونه خون از فرزندان برای اندازه گیری سطح تیروکسین سرم جمع آوری شد. یافته ها: PTU غلظت تیروکسین سرم مادران و سدهای آنها را در مقایسه با گروه شاهد کاهش داد (001/0> P) که با عصاره گیاه بهبود یافت (001/0> P). از نظر غلظت TSH اختلاف معنی داری بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد. از نظر طول دوره شیردهی و همچنین از نظر سطح پرولاکتین سرم بین PTU و گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی داری وجود نداشت. تمام دوزهای عصاره گیاه باعث افزایش مدت دوره شیردهی هر دو موش هیپوتیروئید و یوتیروئید در مقایسه با گروه کنترل و PTU که با غلظت پرولاکتین سرم همراه بود (P <0.001). این عصاره همچنین باعث افزایش وزن بدن موشهای صحرایی شد (P <0.01- P <0.001). نتیجه گیری: در مطالعه حاضر ، وضعیت هیپوتیروئید ناشی از PTU در طول دوره شیردهی نشان داد که سطح پرولاکتین سرمی تغییر نمی کند. تجویز عصاره NS در طول دوره شیردهی باعث بهبود غلظت پرولاکتین در موشهای صحرایی کم کاری تیروئید و یوتیروئید ، دوره شیردهی طولانی مدت و افزایش وزن فرزندان شد. 2 This study was done to investigate the effects of feeding by the hydro-alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (NS) during lactation on prolactin level of mothers and weight gain of offspring in propylthiouracil (PTU) induced- hypothyroid and euthyroid rats. Forty pregnant rats were randomly divided into 8 groups and treated by: (1) Normal drinking water as a control group; (2) 0.005% PTU in drinking water; (3-5) 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of NS plus PTU (6-8) 100, 200 or 400 mg/ kg of the plant extract in drinking water without PTU. Mothers received the experimental treatments from the first day after delivery through the lactation period. The offspring continued to receive the experimental treatments up to the first two months of their life. PTU decreased serum thyroxin concentration of mothers and their dams compared to the control ones (P<0.001) which improved by the plant extract (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in TSH concentration. There was no significant difference between PTU and control groups in the duration of the lactation period and also in serum prolactin level. All doses of the plant extract increased the duration of lactation period of both hypothyroid and euthyroid rats compared to both control and PTU groups which were accompanied by serum prolactin concentration (P<0.001). The extract also increased the body weight gain of offspring rats (P < 0.01- P<0.001). In the present study we showed hypothyroid status induced by PTU during the lactation period did not change serum prolactin level. Administration of NS extract during lactation period improved prolactin concentrations in both hypothyroid and euthyroid rats, prolonged lactation period, and improved weight gain of the offspring. 17 23 2021/05/232021/04/102021/03/17 1399/12/27 2021/05/242021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 حسین بختیاری دوم بایگی Hossein Bakhtiari-Dovvombaygi Mashhad University of Medical Sciences ایران hs.bakhtiari1998@gmail.com سعیده سعادت Saeideh Saadat Zahedan University of Medical Sciences ایران saadats@zaums.ac.ir فریماه بهشتی Farimah Beheshti Torbat HeydariyehUniversity of Medical Sciences ایران beheshtif1@thums.ac.ir Nigella Sativa Propylthiouracil Hypothyroid Lactation Prolactin. سیاه دانه پروپیل تیو یوراسیل کم کاری تیروئید پرولاکتین 1. BAHAR, A., AKHA, O., KASHI, Z. & VESGARI, Z. 2011. Hyperprolactinemia in association with subclinical hypothyroidism. Caspian journal of internal medicine, 2, 229.##2. BEHESHTI, F., HOSSEINI, M., SHAFEI, M. N., SOUKHTANLOO, M., GHASEMI, S., VAFAEE, F. & ZAREPOOR, L. 2014. The effects of Nigella sativa extract on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats. Nutritional neuroscience.##3. BOSKABADY, M. H., MOHSENPOOR, N. & TAKALOO, L. 2010. Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients. Phytomedicine, 17, 707-713.##4. BOURGOU, S., PICHETTE, A., MARZOUK, B. & LEGAULT, J. 2010. Bioactivities of black cumin essential oil and its main terpenes from Tunisia. South African Journal of Botany, 76, 210-216.##5. CLEMENTI, M., DI GIANANTONIO, E., CASSINA, M., LEONCINI, E., BOTTO, L. D. & MASTROIACOVO, P. 2010. Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and birth defects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95, E337-E341.##6. COOPER, D. S. 1984. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med, 311, 1353-62.##7. DEMSSIE, Y. N. & DAVIS, J. R. 2008. Hyperprolactinaemia. Clin Med (Lond), 8, 216-9.##8. DURRANI, F., CHAND, N., ZAKA, K., SULTAN, A., KHATTAK, F. & DURRANI, Z. 2007. Effect of Different Levels of Feed Added Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10, 4164-4167.##9. FARROKHI, E., HOSSEINI, M., BEHESHTI, F., VAFAEE, F., HADJZADEH, M. A.-R. & DASTGHEIB, S. S. 2014. Brain Tissues Oxidative Damage as a Possible Mechanism of Deleterious Effects of Propylthiouracil-Induced Hypothyroidism on Learning and Memory in Neonatal and Juvenile Growth in Rats. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 5, 285.##10. FOUNTOULAKIS, S., PHILIPPOU, G. & TSATSOULIS, A. 2007. The role of iodine in the evolution of thyroid disease in Greece: from endemic goiter to thyroid autoimmunity. HORMONES-ATHENS-, 6, 25.##11. FREEMAN, M. E., KANYICSKA, B., LERANT, A. & NAGY, G. 2000. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiological reviews, 80, 1523-1631.##12. FUMAROLA, A., DI FIORE, A., DAINELLI, M., GRANI, G. & CALVANESE, A. 2010. Medical treatment of hyperthyroidism: state of the art. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes, 118, 678.##13. HADJZADEH, M. A., KHOEI, A., HADJZADEH, Z. & PARIZADY, M. 2007 Spring. Ethanolic extract of nigella sativa L seeds on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urol J, 4, 86-90.##14. HANAFY, M. S. M. & HATEM, M. E. 1991. Studies on the antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa seed (black cumin). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 34, 275-278.##15. HARRIS, A. R., CHRISTIANSON, D., SMITH, M. S., FANG, S.-L., BRAVERMAN, L. E. & VAGENAKIS, A. G. 1978. The physiological role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in the rat. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 61, 441.##16. HOSSEINI, M., HADJZADEH, M. A., DERAKHSHAN, M., HAVAKHAH, S., RASSOULI, F. B., RAKHSHANDEH, H. & SAFFARZADEH, F. 2010. The beneficial effects of olibanum on memory deficit induced by hypothyroidism in adult rats tested in Morris water maze. Arch Pharm Res, 33, 463-8.##17. HOSSEINZADEH, H., TAFAGHODI, M., MOSAVI, M. J. & TAGHIABADI, E. 2013. Effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nigella sativa seeds on milk production in rats. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 6, 18-23.##18. JANSEN, P. C. M. 1981. Spices, condiments and medicinal plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance, Pudoc.##19. JAVANBAKHT, J., HOBBENAGHI, R., HOSSEINI, E., BAHRAMI, A. M., KHADIVAR, F., FATHI, S. & HASSAN, M. A. 2013 Jun 7. Histopathological investigation of neuroprotective effects of Nigella sativa on motor neurons anterior horn spinal cord after sciatic nerve crush in rats. Pathol Biol (Paris).##20. KANTER, M. 2008. Nigella sativa and derived thymoquinone prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration after chronic toluene exposure in rats. Neurochemical Research, 33, 579-588.##21. KANTER, M., DEMIR, H., KARAKAYA, C. & OZBEK, H. 2005. Gastroprotective activity of Nigella sativa L oil and its constituent, thymoquinone against acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 11, 6662-6666.##22. KATYARE, S. S., BANGUR, C. S. & HOWLAND, J. L. 1994. Is respiratory activity in the brain mitochondria responsive to thyroid hormone action? A critical reevaluation. Biochem. J., 302, 857–860.##23. LIS-BALCHIN, M. 2006. Aromatherapy science: a guide for healthcare professionals, Pharmaceutical press.##24. LOMPO-OUEDRAOGO, Z., VAN DER HEIDE, D., VAN DER BEEK, E. M., SWARTS, H., MATTHEIJ, J. & SAWADOGO, L. 2004. Effect of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica ssp adansonii on milk production and prolactin release in the rat. Journal of Endocrinology, 182, 257-266.##25. MAHMOUD, M., EL-ABHAR, H. & SALEH, S. 2002. The effect of Nigella sativa oil against the liver damage induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 79, 1-11.##26. MALLELA, M. K., STROBL, M., POULSEN, R. R., WENDLER, C. C., BOOTH, C. J. & RIVKEES, S. A. 2014. Evaluation of developmental toxicity of propylthiouracil and methimazole. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 101, 300-307.##27. MARTINEZ, B., DEL HOYO, P., MARTIN, M. A., ARENAS, J., PEREZ-CASTILLO, A. & SANTOS, A. 2001. Thyroid hormone regulates oxidative phosphorylation in the cerebral cortex and striatum of neonatal rats. J. Neurochem., 78, 1054–1063.##28. MERAL, I., YENER, Z., KAHRAMAN, T. & MERT, N. 2001. Effect of Nigella sativa on Glucose Concentration, Lipid Peroxidation, Anti‐Oxidant Defence System and Liver Damage in Experimentally‐Induced Diabetic Rabbits. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 48, 593-599.##29. MOHEBBATI, R., ABBSNEZHAD, A., KHAJAVI RAD, A., MOUSAVI, S. M. & HAGHSHENAS, M. 2016a. Effect of Hydroalcholic Extract of Nigella sativa on Doxorubicin-Induced Functional Damage of Kidney in Rats. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 22, 13-20.##30. MOHEBBATI, R., SHAFEI, M. N., SOUKHTANLOO, M., MOHAMMADIAN ROSHAN, N., KHAJAVI RAD, A., ANAEIGOUDARI, A., HOSSEINIAN, S., KARIMI, S. & BEHESHTI, F. 2016b. Adriamycin-induced oxidative stress is prevented by mixed hydro-alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa and Curcuma longa in rat kidney. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 6, 86-94.##31. NADKARNI, A. K. 1976. Indian Materia Medica, Bombay, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.##32. OLIVE, K. E. & HENNESSEY, J. V. 1988. Marked hyperprolactinemia in subclinical hypothyroidism. Archives of internal medicine, 148, 2278-2279.##33. PATEL, A. & KANITKAR, U. 1969. Asparagus racemosus willd--form bordi, as a galactogogue, in buffaloes. The Indian veterinary journal, 46, 718.##34. PEAKE, G. T., BIRGE, C. A. & DAUGHADAY, W. H. 1973. Alterations of radioimmunoassayable growth hormone and prolactin during hypothyroidism. Endocrinology, 92, 487-493.##35. REINHART, S. C., MOSES, A. M., CLEARY, L. & SCHEINMAN, S. J. 1994. Acute interstitial nephritis with renal failure associated with propylthiouracil therapy. Am J Kidney Dis, 24, 575-7.##36. SALEM, M. L. 2005. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L. seed. Int Immunopharmacol, 5, 1749-70.##37. SENER, G., KABASAKAL, L., ATASOY, B. M., ERZIK, C., VELIOGLU-OGUNC, A., CETINEL, S., CONTUK, G., GEDIK, N. & YEGEN, B. C. 2006. Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism protects ionizing radiation-induced multiple organ damage in rats. J Endocrinol, 189, 257-69.##38. ZAOUI, A., CHERRAH, Y., LACAILLE-DUBOIS, M. A., SETTAF, A., AMAROUCH, H. & HASSAR, M. 1999. [Diuretic and hypotensive effects of Nigella sativa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat]. Therapie, 55, 379-382.## ##

The Prevalence of Diabetes-Related Complications in Patients Referred to Hospitals in Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran, in 2018-2019 بررسی شیوع عوارض مرتبط با بیماری دیابت در مراجعه کننده به بیمارستانهای شهرستان تربت حیدریه در سال 96،97 2 1 بیماری دیابت به عنوان یکی از بزرگترین چالش­های بهداشت عمومی در جهان با چندین عارضه مزمن، همراه است. به دلیل تغییرات عمده­ای در اغلب ارگان­های بدن ایجاد می­کند باعث بروز عوارض زودرس و یا دیررس می­شود و عمده ترین هزینه ها به دلیل مراقبت­های بستری در معالجه عوارض دیابت گزارش شده است. باتوجه به اهمیت شیوع دیابت و عوارض آن و از آنجا که تاکنون مطالعه­ای در خصوص شیوع عوارض بیماری دیابت در شهرستان تربت حیدریه انجام نگرفته است لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف" بررسی عوارض بیماری دیابت در بیماران مراجعه کننده به بیمارستان­های تربت حیدریه در سال 96،97" انجام شد. این مطالعه مقطعی بر روی 250 پرونده بیماران دیابتی بستری شده در بیمارستان آموزشی شهرستان تربت حیدریه انجام شده اطلاعاتی دموگرافیک و همچنین عوارش ناشی از بیمار دیابت از پرونده بیماران استخراج و جهت تجزیه و تحلیل از نرم افزار SPSS و از روش­های آماری توصیفی و تحلیلی استفاده شد. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می­دهد بیشترین عارضه تشخیص داده شده عارضه گردش خون(5/41%) و کمترین عارضه عصبی(4%) بود.بین متغیر نوع عارضه بیماری دیابت با متغیرهای جنسیت، سن، وضعیت تأهل و نوع دیابت بیمار رابطه معنی داری بدست آمد(05/0>p). اما بین متغیر نوع عارضه بیماری دیابت با متغیرهای شغل، محل سکونت و قند خون ناشتا رابطه­ی معنی داری وجود نداشت. با ارائه آموزشهای مناسب به بیمار و خانواده آنها می توان باعث کنترل سطح قند خون شد که بار عوارض دیابت را درکشور به شدت کاهش می­دهد. 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM), as one of the cumbersome challenges facing public health worldwide, is characterized by numerous chronic complications. Concerning major changes occurring in most organs of the body, this condition gives rise to early or late complications, so that the overall costs of healthcare in this respect have been mostly reported for hospitalization as well as treatment and care for the disease and its complications. Given the prevalence of DM and its complications and the fact that no surveys have been so far conducted on the prevalence of DM-related complications in Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. This study aimed to reflect on DM-related complications in patients referred to the hospitals located in Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran, in 2018-2019. This cross-sectional study was performed on 250 medical records of patients with DM admitted to 9-Dey Education Hospital in this city. For this purpose, the demographic characteristics information, as well as the complications caused by DM, was extracted from the patients’ medical records. The data were further analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software 20 including descriptive and analytic methods. The study results suggested that the most frequent DM-related complication was observed for circulatory system diseases (41.5%) and the least frequent one was about neurotic disorders (4%), respectively. There was also a significant relationship between the type of complication and the variables of gender, age, marital status, and type of DM (p<0.05). Nevertheless, no significant difference was found between the variable of the type of complication and the variables of occupation, place of residence, and fasting blood sugar levels. Ultimately, it was concluded that providing patients and their families with appropriate training could help them control blood sugar levels, which could significantly reduce DM-related complications. 24 30 2021/05/232021/04/102021/03/172021/03/15 1399/12/25 2021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 نیره کثیری Nayyereh Kasiri Department of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران kasirin1@thums.ac.ir سمیه برزنونی Somaye Barzanouni Department of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران سیده ناهید سیدحسنی Seyedeh Nahid Seyedhasani Department of Health Information Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران Prevalence Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus-Related Complications شیوع بیماری دیابت عوارض مرتبط با دیابت 1. world;health;organization. Diabetes 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1.##2. Metzger BE, Coustan DR, Committee O. Summary and recommendations of the fourth international workshop-conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 1998;21:B161.##3. Ghannadiasl F. Food Insecurity Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Referred To The Nutrition Clinic In Ardabil City. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2018;17(5):257-63.##4. Fatemeh K, Homayoon HR. Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Training on the Quality of Sleep and Psychological Distress in Patients with Type II Diabetes. 2019.##5. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Familiarity with diabetes 2020 [Available from: https://endocrine.ac.ir/article/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA-2019.##6. Hedayati A, Gholampour Y, Dehghan A. The relation between sleep disorders and Hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. medical journal of mashhad university of medical sciences. 2016;59(3):179-87.##7. kermansaravi F, Navidian A, Ansarymoghadam A. Quality of Life in Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents in Zahedan (2011). 2012.##8. MASOUD A, KEYHANI A, SHEYKH BN, SALEHI I, VOJGANI M, RAJAB AE, et al. IL-12 GENE POLYMORPHISM IN TYPE I DIABETES MELITUS. 2007.##9. Behrman RE, Vaughan III VC. Nelson textbook of pediatrics: WB Saunders company; 1983.##10. d'Annunzio G, Accogli A, Tallone R, Bolloli S, Lorini R. Environmental factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatric age group. Genes and Autoimmunity: Intracellular Signaling and Microbiome Contribution. 2013:151.##11. Kameswaran V, Bramswig NC, McKenna LB, Penn M, Schug J, Hand NJ, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the DLK1-MEG3 microRNA cluster in human type 2 diabetic islets. Cell metabolism. 2014;19(1):135-45.##12. Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. International journal of medical sciences. 2014;11(11):1185.##13. Sarwar N GP, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Lancet 2010;26(375):2215-22.##14. Corriere M, Rooparinesingh N, Kalyani RR. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes complications in the elderly: an emerging public health burden. Current diabetes reports. 2013;13(6):805-13.##15. Cunningham F. leveno KL, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ, Spong Cy. Williams obstetrics. New York: McGraw Hill; 2010.##16. Fauci AS. Harrison's principles of internal medicine: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division New York; 2008.##17. Nguyen BT, Cheng YW, Snowden JM, Esakoff TF, Frias AE, Caughey AB. The effect of race/ethnicity on adverse perinatal outcomes among patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2012;207(4):322. e1-. e6.##18. Hadden D. Geographic, ethnic, and racial variations in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1985;34(Supplement 2):8-12.##19. Larijani B AF, Pajouhi M,Bastanhagh M, Marsosei V, Hossein Nejad A. Prevalence of gestational diabetes in women referring to Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals (1993-1994). International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;1(2):125-33.##20. Keshavarz M. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in shahrud township. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2003;13(41):90-7.##21. Wu P, Velez Edwards DR, Gorrindo P, Sundermann AC, Torstenson ES, Jones SH, et al. Association between first trimester antidepressant use and risk of spontaneous abortion. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2019;39(9):889-98.##22. Nimavat NK, Dadwani RS, Kartha GP. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors amongst antenatal women attending urban health centre of Rajkot City, Gujarat. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2019;6(7):3033-7.##23. Azizi F, Hatami H, Janghorbani M. Epidemiology and control of common diseases in Iran. Tehran: Eshtiagh Publications. 2000:602-16.##24. Ahmadi A, Hasanzadeh J, Rahimi M, Lashgari L. Factors affecting the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes Chahar Mahal Bakhtiari. J north khorasan univ Med sci. 2011;3(1):7-13.##25. K P. Prark’s Textbook Preventive & Social Medicine2002.##26. Shi L, Shu X-O, Li H, Cai H, Liu Q, Zheng W, et al. Physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption in association with incidence of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged and elderly Chinese men. PloS one. 2013;8(11):e77919.##27. Lee SC, Pu YB, Chow CC, Yeung V, Ko G, So WY, et al. Diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese: evidence for familial clustering and parental effects. Diabetes care. 2000;23(9):1365-8.##28. Najafipour F, Azizi F, Zareizadeh M. The epidemiological study of type II diabetes family in Tehran. Iranian J of Diabetes and Lipid Disorders. 2004;4(1):35-42.##29. Nordström* A, Hadrévi J, Olsson T, Franks PW, Nordström P. Higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in men than in women is associated with differences in visceral fat mass. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(10):3740-6.##30. Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus—present and future perspectives. Nature reviews endocrinology. 2012;8(4):228-36.##31. Tracey M, McHugh S, Buckley C, Canavan R, Fitzgerald A, Kearney P. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and related complications in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 50 and over in the Republic of Ireland. Diabetic Medicine. 2016;33(4):441-5.##32. Wändell PE, Carlsson AC. Gender differences and time trends in incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Sweden—a model explaining the diabetes epidemic worldwide today? Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2014;106(3):e90-e2.##33. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 2004;27(5):1047-53.##34. Sattar N. Gender aspects in type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2013;27(4):501-7.##35. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. New England journal of medicine. 2010;362(12):1090-101##36. Anjana R, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: Phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research–INdia DIABetes (ICMR–INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3022-7.##37. Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@ bet. es Study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):88-93.##38. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V. Cosegregation of obesity with familial aggregation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and metabolism. 2000;2(3):149-54.##39. Barrett EJ, Liu Z, Khamaisi M, King GL, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Diabetic microvascular disease: an endocrine society scientific statement. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017;102(12):4343-410.##40. Mahlangu T, Dludla PV, Nyambuya TM, Mxinwa V, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Cirilli I, et al. A systematic review on the functional role of Th1/Th2 cytokines in type 2 diabetes and related metabolic complications. Cytokine. 2020;126:154892.##41. Zhang P, Engelgau MM, Norris SL, Gregg EW, Narayan KV. Application of economic analysis to diabetes and diabetes care. Annals of internal medicine. 2004;140(11):972-7.##42. Fowler MJ. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clinical diabetes. 2008;26(2):77-82.##43. Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Flavonoids, dairy foods, and cardiovascular and metabolic health: a review of emerging biologic pathways. Circulation research. 2018;122(2):369-84.##44. Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiological reviews. 2013;93(1):137-88.##45. Copeland LA, Swendsen CS, Sears DM, MacCarthy AA, McNeal CJ. Association between triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease in patients with acute pancreatitis. PloS one. 2018;13(1).##46. RANJBAR OGH, Soveid M, Rajaii H, SADEGH AA. The incidence of chronic diabetic complications during a 12 years period in patients referring to clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 2004.##47. Abbasian M, Delvarianzadeh M. Evaluation of diabetes complications among the diabetic patients visiting the Shahroud diabetic's clinic. 2008.##48. Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Physical therapy. 2008;88(11):1254-64.##49. Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, Levy D, Meigs JB, D’Agostino RB, et al. Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Jama. 2004;292(20):2495-9.##50. Booth GL, Kapral MK, Fung K, Tu JV. Recent trends in cardiovascular complications among men and women with and without diabetes. Diabetes care. 2006;29(1):32-7.##51. heshmati h, behnampour n, khorasani f, moghadam z. Prevalence of chronic complications of diabete and its related factors in referred type 2 diabetes patients in Freydonkenar diabetes center. Journal Of Neyshabur University Of Medical Sciences. 2014;1(1):36-43.##52. Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, Bril V, Freeman R, Malik RA, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care. 2017;40(1):136-54.##53. Ashok S, Ramu M, Deepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients attending a diabetes centre in South India. Japi. 2002;50:546-50.##54. Dutta A, Naorem S, Singh TP, Wangjam K. Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics. Int J Diab Dev Countries. 2005;25:30-3.##55. Shahbazian H. Roshan pajoh F. The Prevalence of nephropathy in Early Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in patients of diabetes clinic of Ahvaz. Jundishapur Univ Med Sci. 2006;3(50):600-7.##56. Kalantari F, Hovsepian S, Haghighi S, Amini M. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes in Isfahan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2007;6(3):255-62.##57. Raman R, Gupta A, Krishna S, Kulothungan V, Sharma T. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications in newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus. Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS, report 27). Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2012;26(2):123-8.##58. Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, Rios Burrows N, Ali MK, Rolka D, et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990–2010. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(16):1514-23.##59. Harding JL, Pavkov ME, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Gregg EW. Global trends in diabetes complications: a review of current evidence. Diabetologia. 2019;62(1):3-16.##60. Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and its complications in India and economic costs to the nation. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2017;71(7):816-24.## ##

Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks and primary schools of Kermanshah, west of Iran 2 2 Toxocariasis is a common parasitic infection in the world that is caused by the larvae stage of two members of the family Ascarididae, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. The main source of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs is dogs' and cats' faces. The soil, where Toxocara eggs become infective, is the natural source of infection. This study was carried out to determine the rate of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in primary schools and public parks in Kermanshah city, Western Iran. This survey was conducted from September 2014 to January 2015 in Kermanshah city, West of Iran. A total of 192 soil samples were collected from different parks and primary schools, 24 parks, and 24 primary schools, of six regions. Soil samples were investigated for the presence of Toxocara eggs by flotation technique using sucrose solution and examined under a light microscope using 10X and 40X objectives. Out of 192 soil samples, 56 (29.2%) were found to contain Toxocara spp. eggs. Toxocara eggs were observed in 21(87.5%) out of 24 studied parks and 11(45.8%) out of 24 studied primary schools. Forty-three (44.8%) out of 96 samples from public parks and 13(13.5%) out of 96 samples from primary schools were found to contain Toxocara eggs. Data analysis through the chi-square test revealed that there is a significant relationship in the contamination rate between parks and primary schools (P<0.001). The results of this study illustrate that Toxocara spp. are common parasites in the soil in the public parks and primary schools in Kermanshah. Thus, soil contamination with Toxocara eggs can be regarded as a potential health problem in this city. 31 35 2021/05/232021/04/102021/03/172021/03/152021/03/8 1399/12/18 2021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 Mohammad Reza Rezaiemanesh Mohammad Reza Rezaiemanesh Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. ایران rezaimanesh@gmail.com Mohammad Reza Vafaei Mohammad Reza Vafaei Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ایران mohammad_reza1368@yahoo.com Zahra Jabalameli Zahra Jabalameli Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران z.jabalameli@yahoo.com Mohammad Falahati Mohammad Falahati Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ایران falahati.1982@gmail.com Mohsen Ghomashlooyan Mohsen Ghomashlooyan Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ایران mgn1370@yahoo.com Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران mohaghegh1982@yahoo.com Soil Toxocara Iran Flotation technique Soil Toxocara Iran Flotation technique 1. ABE, E. M., ECHETA, O. C., OMBUGADU, A., AJAH, L., AIMANKHU, P. O. & OLUWOLE, A. S. 2019. Helminthiasis among School-Age Children and Hygiene Conditions of Selected Schools in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Trop Med Infect Dis, 4.##2. ANTOLOVÁ, D., REITEROVÁ, K., MITERPÁKOVÁ, M., STANKO, M. & DUBINSKÝ, P. 2004. Circulation of Toxocara spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. Vet Parasitol, 126, 317-24.##3. BLASZKOWSKA, J., KURNATOWSKI, P. & DAMIECKA, P. 2011. Contamination of the soil by eggs of geohelminths in rural areas of Lodz district (Poland). Helminthologia, 48, 67-76.##4. CHEN, J., LIU, Q., LIU, G. H., ZHENG, W. B., HONG, S. J., SUGIYAMA, H. & ZHU, X. Q. 2018. Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact. Infect Dis Poverty, 7, 59.##5. CONGDON, P. & LLOYD, P. 2011. Toxocara infection in the United States: the relevance of poverty, geography and demography as risk factors, and implications for estimating county prevalence. Int J Public Health, 56, 15-24.##6. DALIMI, A., SATTARI, A. & MOTAMEDI, G. 2006. A study on intestinal helminthes of dogs, foxes and jackals in the western part of Iran. Vet Parasitol, 142, 129-33.##7. DUMENIGO, B. & GALVEZ, D. 1994. [Soil contamination in Ciudad de La Habana province with Toxocara canis eggs]. Revista cubana de medicina tropical, 47, 178-180.##8. ESLAHI, A. V., BADRI, M., KHORSHIDI, A., MAJIDIANI, H., HOOSHMAND, E., HOSSEINI, H., TAGHIPOUR, A., FOROUTAN, M., PESTEHCHIAN, N., FIROOZEH, F., RIAHI, S. M. & ZIBAEI, M. 2020. Prevalence of Toxocara and Toxascaris infection among human and animals in Iran with meta-analysis approach. BMC Infect Dis, 20, 20.##9. FALLAH, M., AZIMI, A. & TAHERKHANI, H. 2007. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in children aged 1-9 years in western Islamic Republic of Iran, 2003. East Mediterr Health J, 13, 1073-7.##10. FISHER, M. 2003. Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends Parasitol, 19, 167-70.##11. GHOMASHLOOYAN, M., FALAHATI, M., MOHAGHEGH, M. A., JAFARI, R., MIRZAEI, F., KALANI, H., SANGANI, G. S. & AZAMI, M. 2015. Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks of Isfahan City, Central Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5, S93-S95.##12. GRAMA, D. F., LESCANO, S. Z., PEREIRA MOTA, K. C., DOS ANJOS PULTZ, B., MIRANDA, J. S., SILVA SEGUNDO, G. R., TAKETOMI, E. A., FERNANDES, K. P., LIMONGI, J. E., DE PAULA, F. M., CHIEFFI, P. P. & CURY, M. C. 2014. Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in children with atopy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 108, 797-803.##13. GÜREL, F. S., ERTUĞ, S. & OKYAY, P. 2004. Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks of the city of Aydin, Turkey. Acta parasitologica Turcica/Turkish Society for Parasitology, 29, 177-179.##14. JAFARI, R., FALLAH, M., YOUSOFI DARANI, H., YOUSEFI, H. A., MOHAGHEGH, M. A., LATIFI, M., SADAGHIAN, M. & MAGHSOOD, A. H. 2014. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among rural inhabitants of Hamadan city, Iran, 2012. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect, 1, e21445.##15. KHADEMVATAN, S., ABDIZADEH, R. & TAVALLA, M. 2014. Molecular characterization of Toxocara spp. from soil of public areas in Ahvaz southwestern Iran. Acta tropica, 135, 50-54.##16. KHADEMVATAN, S., RAHIM, F., TAVALLA, M., ABDIZADEH, R. & HASHEMITABAR, M. 2013. PCR-based molecular characterization of Toxocara spp. using feces of stray cats: a study from Southwest Iran. PloS one, 8, e65293.##17. KHOSHNOOD, S., PESTEHCHIAN, N., HEJAZI, S. H., RAFIEI, A., SOLEIMANI, A., AHMADI, M., JABALAMELI, Z. & MOHAGHEGH, M. A. 2018. Toxocara Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Ilam Children, West of Iran. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis, 7, e81349.##18. LEE, A. C., SCHANTZ, P. M., KAZACOS, K. R., MONTGOMERY, S. P. & BOWMAN, D. D. 2010. Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends in parasitology, 26, 155-161.##19. MAGNAVAL, J.-F., GLICKMAN, L. T., DORCHIES, P. & MORASSIN, B. 2001a. Highlights of human toxocariasis. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 39, 1-11.##20. MAGNAVAL, J. F., GLICKMAN, L. T., DORCHIES, P. & MORASSIN, B. 2001b. Highlights of human toxocariasis. Korean J Parasitol, 39, 1-11.##21. MANDARINO-PEREIRA, A., DE SOUZA, F. S., LOPES, C. W. & PEREIRA, M. J. 2010. Prevalence of parasites in soil and dog feces according to diagnostic tests. Vet Parasitol, 170, 176-81.##22. MARAGHI, S., MAZHAB JAFARI, K., SADJJADI, S. M., LATIFI, S. M. & ZIBAEI, M. 2014. Study on the contamination of Abadan public parks soil with Toxocara spp. eggs. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 12, 86.##23. MIZGAJSKA, H. 1997. The role of some environmental factors in the contamination of soil with Toxocara spp. and other geohelminth eggs. Parasitology International, 46, 67-72.##24. MOTAZEDIAN, H., MEHRABANI, D., TABATABAEE, S., PAKNIAT, A. & TAVALALI, M. 2006. Prevalence of helminth ova in soil samples from public places in Shiraz. Eastern Mediterranean health journal, 12, 562.##25. PEZESHKI, A., HANILOO, A., ALEJAFAR, A. & MOHAMMADI-GHALEHBIN, B. 2017. Detection of Toxocara spp. Eggs in the Soil of Public Places in and Around of Ardabil City, Northwestern Iran. Iran J Parasitol, 12, 136-142.##26. REZAIEMANESH, M. R., AFZALAGHAEE, M., HAMIDI, S., ESHAGHZADEH, A., PAYDAR, M. & HEJAZI, S. H. 2019. Prevalence of toxocariasis and its related risk factors in humans, dogs and cats in northeastern Iran: a population-based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 113, 399-409.##27. ROBERTSON, I. D. & THOMPSON, R. 2002. Enteric parasitic zoonoses of domesticated dogs and cats. Microbes and Infection, 4, 867-873.##28. ROKNI, M., MASSOUD, J. & MOWLAVI, G. 2000. Report of 10 cases of Visceral larva migrans in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 29, 61-66.##29. SLIFKO, T. R., SMITH, H. V. & ROSE, J. B. 2000. Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. International journal for parasitology, 30, 1379-1393.##30. TAVALLA, M., OORMAZDI, H., AKHLAGHI, L., RAZMJOU, E., LAKEH, M. M., SHOJAEE, S., HADIGHI, R. & MEAMAR, A. 2014. Prevalence of parasites in soil samples in Tehran public places. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11, 4575-4578.##31. TAVASSOLI, M., HADIAN, M., CHARESAZ, S. & JAVADI, S. 2008. Toxocara Spp. Eggs in Public Parks of Urmia City, West Azer‌ baijan Province Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 3, 24-29.##32. ZIBAEI, M., ABDOLLAHPOUR, F., BIRJANDI, M. & FIROOZEH, F. 2010. Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the public parks from three areas of Khorram Abad, Iran. Nepal Med Coll J, 12, 63-65.##33. ZIBAEI, M. & SADJJADI, S. M. 2010. Prevalence of helminth ova in soil samples from public places in Shiraz. East Mediterr Health J, 16, 580.## ##

Investigation of Social Harm in Clients Referred to the Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation of the Social Hurt in Shiraz in 2016 بررسی وضعیت آسیب‌های اجتماعی در مراجعین به اداره پیشگیری و ساماندهی آسیب دیدگان اجتماعی شهر شیراز در سال 1395 2 1 مقدمه: آسیب­های  اجتماعی به عنوان یک تهدید، سلامت افراد جامعه را با چالش جدی مواجه کرده است. لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت آسیب‌های اجتماعی در مراجعین به اداره پیشگیری و ساماندهی آسیب دیدگان اجتماعی شهر شیراز انجام گرفت. روش: در این مطالعه مقطعی به صورت سرشماری اطلاعات 5289 نفر که توسط تیم‌های اداره پیشگیری و ساماندهی آسیب دیدگان اجتماعی شهر شیراز طی سال 1395 از سطح شهر جمع‌آوری و یا به صورت خود معرف به این مرکز مراجعه کرده بودند، از طریق یک فرم محقق ساخته جمع‌آوری گردید. تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده آزمون‌ کای - دو و با کمک نرم افزار SPSS  انجام شد. یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد از این تعداد 3950 (7/74%) نفر مرد، 813 (4/15%) نفر زن و 526 (9/9%) نفر افراد زیر 15 سال بودند. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که 4827 (3/91%) نفر ایرانی، 320 (1/6%) نفر تبعه افغانستان و 142 (7/2%) نفر تبعه کشور پاکستان بودند. از کل افراد وارد شده به این مرکز 1435 (1/27%) نفر با اخذ تعهد آزاد، 556 (5/10%) نفر معرفی به واحد اشتغال و 1652 (2/31%) نفر به مراکز بازپروری معرفی شده‌اند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به این­که بحث آسیب‌های اجتماعی به یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش­های بزرگ درسال های اخیر تبدیل شده است و این وضعیت می تواند بر وضعیت سلامت جسمی و روانی افراد جامعه تأثیر سوء داشته باشد، برخورد سازمان یافته و علمی با این موضوع ضروری است.   2 As a threat, social harm imposes a serious challenge to the health of individuals in the community. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of social harm in clients referred to the Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation of the social hurt in Shiraz. 5289 individuals who had been brought to or referred to the center by the teams of Prevention and Rehabilitation in the city of Shiraz in 2016 participated in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected through a researcher-made form. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and SPSS software. The results showed that 3950 (74.7%) participants were male adults, 813 (15.4%) were female adults and 526 (9.9%) were under 15 years old. The findings showed that 4827 (91.3%) participants were Iranian, 320 (6.1%) were Afghan and 142 (2.7%) were Pakistani. And finally, from the total number of people admitted to the center, 1435 (27.1%) individuals were freed on parole, 556 (10.5%) were referred to the recruitment unit, and 1652 (31.2%) were referred to rehabilitation centers. Given that the issue of social harm has become one of the most important challenges in recent years and this situation can adversely affect the physical and mental health of individuals in the community, there is a need for an organized and scientific approach accordingly. 36 40 2021/05/232021/04/102021/03/172021/03/152021/03/82021/02/23 1399/12/5 2021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 سیدحمید حسینی Seyyedhamid Hoseini Vice Chancellery of Student And Cultural Affairs, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران hamidhoseini47@yahoo.com محمد قربانی Mohammad Ghorbani Department of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران Ghorbanim1@thums.ac.ir سمیه برزنونی Somayeh Barzanouni Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbate Heydariyeh, Iran ایران s.barzanouni@gmail.com سید مهدی هاشمی Seyyed Mehdi Hashemi Islamic City Council of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran ایران hashemi.seyyedmehdi@yahoo.com حکمت الله مرادی Hekmat Alla Moradi Mogarmoon PHD student of of Health in disasters and Emergencies, Department of Healthcare Services Management, School of Management and Medical Information Health Human Resources Research Center.Shiraz University of Medical Science, Iran ایران hamidhoseini951@gmail.com Social harm Epidemiology Shiraz آسیب اجتماعی اپیدمیولوژی شیراز 1. AfkhamiAghda M, Maleksabet H, Mehrparvar H, Falahati M, Laeh M. Investigating the relationship between social damages and the quality of life in Yazd city. SSU_Journals. 2016;24(3):241-50.##2. Beccaria F, Rolando S, Hellman M, Bujalski M, Lemmens P. From criminals to celebrities: Perceptions of “the addict” in the print press from four European countries from nineties to today. Substance use & misuse. 2015;50(4):439-53.##3. Caarls K, de Valk HA. Regional Diffusion of Divorce in Turkey. European Journal of Population. 2018:1-28.##4. Centre ICE. Alcohol: Social damages, abuse, and dependence--INSERM Collective Expert Reports. 2000.##5. Khajedaluee M, Assadi R, Moghadam MD. Health-related quality of life of young addict women in Mashhad, IR Iran. International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction. 2013;2(2):87.##6. Osafo J, Hjelmeland H, Akotia C, Knizek B. Social injury: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the attitudes towards suicide of lay persons in Ghana. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being. 2011;6(4):8708.##7. Salehi ASR, Afshari NA. Theoretical and Strategic Foundations of Enhancing Social and Cultural Security in Tehran. 2011.## ##

Effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on blood serotonin levels and cognitive emotional regulation in drug abusers اثربخشی رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک (DBT) بر سطح سروتونین خون و تنظیم شناختی هیجانی در مصرف کنندگان مواد مخدر 2 1 زمینه : سوء مصرف مواد مخدر منجر به مشکلات جسمی و روانی می شود. با توجه به پیامدهای منفی و فزاینده اختلال سوء مصرف مواد مخدر در جامعه و اهمیت این موضوع، به بررسی اثربخشی درمانهای روانشناختی در کاهش اختلال سوء مصرف مواد بر روی آن پرداخته شد.  هدف: این مطالعه با هدف اثربخشی درمان رفتاری دیالکیک بر سطوح سروتونین خون و تنظیم شناختی هیجانی در مصرف کنندگان مواد مخدر انجام شد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک مطالعه شبه تجربی با گروه کنترل و طراحی پیش آزمون- پس آزمون بود. جمعیت آماری شامل تمام مردان دارای سوء مصرف مواد مخدر مراجعه کننده به کلینیک سوء مصرف مواد مخدر بزرگسالان تربت حیدریه بود که 40 نفر از آنها به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده برای گروه آزمایش (DBT) و یک گروه کنترل انتخاب شدند. گروه آزمایش به مدت 10 جلسه 90 دقیقه در هفته آموزش دیده بودند اما گروه کنترل در لیست انتظار قرار داشت و هیچ آموزشی دریافت نمی کرد. پرسشنامه جمعیت شناختی، پرسشنامه تنظیم شناختی هیجان توسط گرانفسکی و سطوح سرمی سروتونین در آزمایشگاهی برای جمع آوری داده ها قبل و بعد از مداخله مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. داده ها با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس در نرم افزار SPSS 24 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس چند متغیره نشان داد که در گروه های درمان رفتاری دیالکتیک، مداخله بر تنظیم شناختی هیجانی و سروتونین خون تأثیر معنی داری بر پس آزمون داشت (p <0.05). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به یافته های پژوهش، درمان رفتاری دیالکتیکی در بالا بردن سروتونین خون و تنظیم شناختی هیجانی در مصرف کنندگان مواد موثر بود.   2 Drug abuse leads to physical and psychological problems. Considering the negative and increasing consequences of drug abuse disorder in the community and the importance of this issue, we decided to investigate the efficacy of psychological therapies on reducing drug abuse disorder. This study aimed at the efficacy of dialectical behavioral therapy on blood serotonin levels and cognitive-emotional regulation among drug abusers. It was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population consisted of all men with drug abuse referring to Torbat Heydariyeh Adult Drug Abuse Clinic, 40 of whom were selected by simple random sampling for the experimental group (DBT) and a control group. The experimental group was trained for 10 sessions of 90 minutes per week, but the control group was on the waiting list and received no training. Demographic questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire was developed by Granefski and in vitro serum levels of serotonin were used for data collection before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance in SPSS 24 software. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that in the groups of dialectical behavioral therapy, intervention on cognitive-emotional regulation and blood serotonin had a significant effect on post-test (P <0. 05). According to the findings, dialectical behavioral therapy was effective in elevating blood serotonin and cognitive-emotional regulation among drug abusers. 41 47 2021/05/232021/04/102021/03/172021/03/152021/03/82021/02/232021/02/20 1399/12/2 2021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 عباس قدرتی Abbas Ghodrati Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران ghodratita171@yahoo.com جواد رجب زاده Javad Rajab Zadeh Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران ghodratita171@yahoo.com آناهیتا زندی Anahita Zandi Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران ایمان سید محرمی Iman Seyyedmoharami PhD student in conseling, Departement of conseling and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran ایران محمد رضا میش مست Mohamad Reza Mishmast Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran ایران Dialectical behavioral therapy Blood serotonin level Cognitive emotional regulation Drug abuse رفتار درمانی دیالکتیکی سطح سروتونین خون تنظیم شناختی هیجانی سوء مصرف مواد مخدر 1. AXELROD, S. R., PEREPLETCHIKOVA, F., HOLTZMAN, K. & SINHA, R. 2011. Emotion regulation and substance use frequency in women with substance dependence and borderline personality disorder receiving dialectical behavior therapy. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 37, 37-42.##2. BAGOT, K. S., BERARDUCCI, J. M., FRANKEN, F. H., FRAZIER, M. J., ERNST, M. & MOOLCHAN, E. T. 2007. Adolescents with conduct disorder: Early smoking and treatment requests. American Journal on Addictions, 16, 62-66.##3. DIMEFF, L. A. & LINEHAN, M. M. 2008. Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abusers. Addiction science & clinical practice, 4, 39.##4. DINAS, P. C., KOUTEDAKIS, Y. & FLOURIS, A. D. 2011. Effects of exercise and physical activity on depression. Irish journal of medical science, 180, 319-325.##5. FELDMAN, G., HARLEY, R., KERRIGAN, M., JACOBO, M. & FAVA, M. 2009. Change in emotional processing during a dialectical behavior therapy-based skills group for major depressive disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 47, 316-321.##6. FINK, K. B. & GÖTHERT, M. 2007. 5-HT receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. Pharmacological reviews, 59, 360-417.##7. GARNEFSKI, N. & KRAAIJ, V. 2006. Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire–development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and individual differences, 41, 1045-1053.##8. GHODRATI TORBATI, A., NEJAT, H., TOOZANDEHJANI, H., SAMARI, A. A. & AKBARI AMARGHAN, H. 2020. Effect of Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) on Blood Cortisol and Cognitive-Emotion Regulation in Drug Abusers. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 12.##9. GHODRATI TORBATI, A., SAHBAEI, F., NABAVI, S. J. & ZARE, M. 2013. Comparing continuity quit addiction time in participant persons and non participant persons in Narcotics Anonymous in City of Mashhad in 2012. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch, 23, 201-205.##10. HASANI, J., AZADFALAH, P., RASOULZADE TABATABAEI, K. & ASHAYERI, H. 2009. The assessment of cognitive emotion regulation strategies according to neuroticism and extraversion personality dimensions. Advances in Cognitive Science, 10, 1-13.##11. HSIAO, F.-H., JOW, G.-M., LAI, Y.-M., CHEN, Y.-T., WANG, K.-C., NG, S.-M., HO, R. T., CHAN, C. L., YANG, T.-T. J. P. & PSYCHOSOMATICS 2011. The long-term effects of psychotherapy added to pharmacotherapy on morning to evening diurnal cortisol patterns in outpatients with major depression. 80, 166-172.##12. KIRBY, L., ZEEB, F. & WINSTANLEY, C. 2011. Contributions of serotonin in addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology, 61, 421-432.##13. KRASNOVA, I. N., LADENHEIM, B., HODGES, A. B., VOLKOW, N. D. & CADET, J. L. 2011. Chronic methamphetamine administration causes differential regulation of transcription factors in the rat midbrain. PLoS One, 6, e19179.##14. KRÖGER, C., SCHWEIGER, U., SIPOS, V., KLIEM, S., ARNOLD, R., SCHUNERT, T. & REINECKER, H. 2010. Dialectical behaviour therapy and an added cognitive behavioural treatment module for eating disorders in women with borderline personality disorder and anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa who failed to respond to previous treatments. An open trial with a 15-month follow-up. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 41, 381-388.##15. LINEHAN, M. M. 2020. Dialectical behavior therapy in clinical practice, Guilford Publications.##16. LINEHAN, M. M., DIMEFF, L. A., REYNOLDS, S. K., COMTOIS, K. A., WELCH, S. S., HEAGERTY, P. & KIVLAHAN, D. R. 2002. Dialectical behavior therapy versus comprehensive validation therapy plus 12-step for the treatment of opioid dependent women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. Drug and alcohol dependence, 67, 13-26.##17. MISZKIEL, J., FILIP, M. & PRZEGALIŃSKI, E. 2011. Role of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors in psychostimulant addiction. Pharmacological Reports, 63, 1310-1315.##18. NEACSIU, A. D., EBERLE, J. W., KRAMER, R., WIESMANN, T. & LINEHAN, M. M. 2014. Dialectical behavior therapy skills for transdiagnostic emotion dysregulation: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Behaviour research and therapy, 59, 40-51.##19. ROMANELLI, R. J., WU, F. M., GAMBA, R., MOJTABAI, R. & SEGAL, J. B. 2014. Behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitor pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of head‐to‐head randomized controlled trials. Depression and anxiety, 31, 641-652.##20. SALIMI, S., HAGH, N. A., AHMADITAHOUR, S. M. & ZOHREH, V. M. 2016. The effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on drug craving in heroin addicts treated by methadone maintenance.##21. SNYDER, D. K., BALDERRAMA-DURBIN, C., FISSETTE, C. L. J. C., RESEARCH, F. P. & PRACTICE 2012. Treating infidelity and comorbid depression: A case study involving military deployment. 1, 213.##22. SOETRISNO, S., SULISTYOWATI, S., RESPATI, S. H. & NASRUDIN, M. 2017. EFFECT OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR SEROTONIN LEVEL, DEPRESSION SCORE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CERVICAL CANCER PATIENTS. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 52, 231-234.##23. VSEVOLOZHSKAYA, O. A. & ANTHONY, J. C. 2016. Transitioning from First Drug Use to Dependence Onset: Illustration of a Multiparametric Approach for Comparative Epidemiology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 869-76.##24. WEEMS, C. F. & PINA, A. A. 2010. The assessment of emotion regulation: Improving construct validity in research on psychopathology in youth—An introduction to the special section. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 1-7.##25. WEINBERG, T. S. 2012. The sociology of addiction. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Oxford, UK: Eolss Publishers. Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO,[http://www. eolss. net].##26. ZAMANI, N., FARHADI, M., JAMILIAN, H. R. & HABIBI, M. 2015. Effectiveness of group dialectical behavior therapy (based on core distress tolerance and emotion regulation components) on expulsive anger and impulsive behaviors. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences, 17, 53-61.##27. ZEIDAN, F., GORDON, N. S., MERCHANT, J. & GOOLKASIAN, P. 2010. The effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on experimentally induced pain. The Journal of Pain, 11, 199-209.## ##

Factors Affecting the Survival of Patients with Breast Cancer Referring to the Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR Tehran Using the Cure Model فاکتورهای تاثیر گذار بر بقای بیماران سرطان سینه مراجعه کننده به جهاد دانشگاهی تهران با استفاده از مدل شفا 2 2 Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. This study aimed to determine the disease-free survival and its prognostic factors among Iranian patients. In this longitudinal study, 559 cases of breast cancer were studied. The subjects were registered in Motamed Cancer Institute, Tehran, Iran, during the period 1997-2007 and were followed up to 2013. The data were analyzed using STATA version 11 software. The results of this study showed that lymph node involvement and tumor size were associated with disease-free survival time. The group with lymph nodes involvement had an odds of survival 55%   lower than the other group (P = 0.01). With one unit increase in the tumor size, the odds of survival decreased by 53% (P < 0.001). Level of education, type of surgery, ER, and age was not identified as prognostic factors. The impact of lymph node involvement and tumor size on survival is verifying the importance of early detection of the disease, the need for awareness of women and the implementation of screening programs in this regard. 48 54 2021/05/232021/04/102021/03/172021/03/152021/03/82021/02/232021/02/202021/02/18 1399/11/30 2021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/242021/05/24 1400/3/3 Mahbubeh Abdollahi Mahbubeh Abdollahi Department of Public Health, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. ایران abdollahim2@thums.ac.ir Fatemeh Zahra Karimi Fatemeh Zahra Karimi Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. ایران abdollahim2@thums.ac.ir Zeynab Avazzadeh Zeynab Avazzadeh , School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. ایران abdollahim2@thums.ac.ir breast cancer cure model disease free survival ​​​​​​​1.    Bidlek M, Kovacs E, Feher K, Godeny M. New trends and novel possibilities in the diagnostic imaging of breast cancer. Magyar onkologia. 2015;59(1):44-55.##2.    DeSantis C, Ma J, Bryan L, Jemal A. Breast cancer statistics, 2013. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2014;64(1):52-62.##3.    Shirvani H, Alhani F, Montazeri A. The effect of family-centered empowerment model on the functional scales quality of life in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. 2017.##4.    Burkman RT. Berek & Novak’s gynecology. JAMA. 2012;308(5):516-7.##5.    Tao Z, Shi A, Lu C, Song T, Zhang Z, Zhao J. Breast cancer: epidemiology and etiology. Cell biochemistry and biophysics. 2015;72(2):333-8.##6.    MokhtariHesari P MFZ, khodabakhshi R, Gohari M R. Identification Prognostic factors for disease-free survival in breast Cancer patients. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. 2013;5(821-30).##7.    Shandiz FH, Karimi FZ, Rahimi N, Abdolahi M, Anbaran ZK, Ghasemi M, et al. Investigating Sexual Function and Affecting Factors in Women with Breast Cancer in Iran. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2016;17(7):3583-6.##8.    Shandiz FH, Karimi FZ, Anbaran ZK, Abdollahi M, Rahimi N, Ghasemi M. Investigating the quality of life and the related factors in Iranian women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 2017;18(8):2089.##9.    Ranjkesh M, Fathi Azar F, Ghatreh Samani F, Tarzamni MK, Vali Khani E. Evaluation of adjunctive sonography results in screening of women with mammographically dense breasts for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Disease. 2017;10(1):7-19.##10.    Farewell VT. The use of mixture models for the analysis of survival data with long-term survivors. Biometrics. 1982:1041-6.##11.    Maller RA, Zhou X. Survival analysis with long-term survivors: Wiley New York; 1996.##12.    Machin D, Cheung YB, Parmar M. Survival analysis: a practical approach: John Wiley & Sons; 2006.##13.    Corbière F, Commenges D, Taylor JM, Joly P. A penalized likelihood approach for mixture cure models. Statistics in medicine. 2009;28(3):510-24.##14.    Lamont EB, Herndon JE, Weeks JC, Henderson IC, Earle CC, Schilsky RL, et al. Measuring disease-free survival and cancer relapse using Medicare claims from CALGB breast cancer trial participants (companion to 9344). Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2006;98(18):1335-8.##15.    Abdollahi M, Hajizadeh E, Baghestani AR, Haghighat S. Determination of a change point in the age at diagnosis of breast cancer using a survival model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17:5-10.##16.    Gohari MR, Mahmoudi M, Mohammed K, Pasha E, Khodabakhshi R. Recurrence in breast cancer. Analysis with frailty model. Saudi medical journal. 2006;27(8):1187-93.##17.    Vahdaninia M, Montazeri A. Breast cancer in Iran: a survival analysis. Asian pacific journal of cancer prevention. 2004;5(2):223-5.##18.    Bakhtiyari A, Haj Ahmadi M. year assessment of breast Cancer at Rajaii Hospital, Babolsar (1991-1996). The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2006;9(1):47-51.##19.    Vahdaninia M, HARIR CA, Montazeri A. Five-year survival in Iranian breast cancer patients: A prospective study. 2003.##20.    Akbari M, Mirzaei H, Soori H. 5 year survival of breast cancer in Shohada-e-Tajrish and Jorjani hospitals. Hakim Research Journal. 2006;9(2):39-44.##21.    Zafarghandi A, Harirchi I, Ebrahimi M, Zamani N, Jarvandi S, Kazemnezhad A. Breast cancer in Iran: A review of 3085 pathological records. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications. 1998;56(5):42-7.##22.    Carlo JT, Grant MD, Knox SM, Jones RC, Hamilton CS, Livingston SA, et al., editors. Survival analysis following sentinel lymph node biopsy: a validation trial demonstrating its accuracy in staging early breast cancer. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings; 2005: Taylor & Francis.##23.    Yang MT, Rong T-H, Huang ZF, Zeng CG, Long H, Fu J-H, et al. Clinical analysis of resectable breast cancer: a report of 6 263 cases. Ai zheng= Aizheng= Chinese journal of cancer. 2005;24(3):327-31.##24.    Anyanwu S. Survival following treatment of primary breast cancer in eastern Nigeria. East African medical journal. 2000;77(10):539-43.##25.    Sarre B, Ogougbemy M, Dotou C, Lopy J, Ndionne P, Frank K, et al. Epidemiological, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of breast cancer: about 473 cases collected in Hopital Principal de Dakar. Dakar medical. 2006;51(2):92-6.##26.    Tahergorabi Z, Moudi M, Mesbahzadeh B. Breast Cancer: A preventable disease. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2014;21 (2):126-41.##27.    Tavakoliyan L  BF, Malekzadeh  E. The investigation of factors associated with breast cancer screening among Kazeroon women aged 20-65 in 2013. nursing of the vulnerable journal. 2015;1(1):17-31.##28.    Roohparvarzade N. Prevalence of risk factors for breast cancer in women (20 to 69 Years old) in Isfahan 2012-2013. Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Diseases. 2014;7(1):52-61.##29.    Tahergorabi Z, Moodi M, Mesbahzadeh B. Breast Cancer: A preventable disease. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2014;21(2):126-41.##30.    Asgarian F, Mirzaei M, Asgarian S, Jazayeri M. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer and the Age Distribution of Patients over a Period of Ten Years. Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Diseases. 2016;9(1):31-6.##31.    Khodabakhshi R, Reza Gohari M, Moghadamifard Z, Foadzi H, Vahabi N. Disease-Free Survival of Breast Cancer Patients and Identification of Related Factors. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;18(89).##32.    Akbari ME, Khayamzadeh M, Khoushnevis S, Nafisi N, Akbari A. Five and ten years survival in breast cancer patients mastectomies vs. breast conserving surgeries personal experience. 2008.##33.    Heydari ST, Mehrabani D, Tabei S, Azarpira N, Vakili M. Survival of breast cancer in southern Iran. Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2009;2(1):51-4.##34.    Mousavi SM, Mohagheghi MA, Mousavi-Jerrahi A, Nahvijou A, Seddighi Z. Outcome of breast cancer in Iran: a study of Tehran Cancer Registry data. Asian Pac J cancer prev. 2008;9(2):275-8.##35.    Sadjadi A, Hislop TG, Bajdik C, Bashash M, Ghorbani A, Nouraie M, et al. Comparison of breast cancer survival in two populations: Ardabil, Iran and British Columbia, Canada. BMC cancer. 2009;9(1):381.##36.    Li C. Breast cancer epidemiology: Springer; 2010.##37.    Yaghmaii S, Banihashemi G, Ghorbani R. Breast cancer survavial and correlated factors in Emdad hospital of Semnan. Semnan Medical University Journal. 2007;9(2):111-6.##38.    Salehi A, Zeraati H, Mohammad K, Mahmoudi M, Talei A, Ghaderi A, et al. Survival of male breast cancer in Fars, South of Iran. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal. 2011;13(2):99.##39.    MOKHTARI HP. IDENTIFICATION PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS. 2013.##40.    Haghighat S. Survival rate and its correlated factors in breast cancer patients referred to Breast Cancer Research Center. Iranian Quarterly Journal of Breast Disease. 2013;6(3):28-36.##41.    Horita K, Yamaguchi A, Hirose K, Ishida M, Noriki S, Imamura Y, et al. Prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival rate following surgical resection of primary breast cancer. European Journal of Histochemistry. 2001:73-84.##42.    Wolberg WH, Street WN, Mangasarian OL. Importance of nuclear morphology in breast cancer prognosis. Clinical Cancer Research. 1999;5(11):3542-8.##43.    Lackowska B, Niezabitowski A, Rys J, Skolyszewski J, Stelmach A, Gruchala A, et al. S-phase fraction and menopausal status as the most important prognostic factors of disease-free survival for node negative patients with breast cancer. A prospective study. Pol J Pathol. 2003;54(2):101-10.##44.    Kuru B, Camlibel M, Dinc S, Gulcelik M, Atalay C, Alagol H. A comparison of the outcomes of non-randomised chemotherapy regimens in node positive breast cancer. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research: CR. 2005;24(3):363-72.##45.    Faradmal J, Kazemnejad A, Khoda Bakhshi R, Hajizadeh E, Gohari MR. Comparing three adjuvant chemotherapy regimes after modified radical mastectomy in breast cancer patients using log-logistic model. Koomesh. 2010;11(4):279-86.## ##