Research in Health and Medical Sciences
Sat, Aug 15, 2026
[Archive]
Volume 4, Issue 4 (10-2025)
JRHMS 2025, 4(4): 37-51 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Mousavi Fard S M, Mousavi Fard F S, Saki M, Rafiei Asl S. A systematic review of hematological prognostic indicators in canine malignant diseases and their application in human oncology. JRHMS 2025; 4 (4) :37-51
URL: http://jrhms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-176-en.html
URL: http://jrhms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-176-en.html
1- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sho.C., Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
2- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sho.C., Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran & Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
3- Cancer, Environmental and Petroleum Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran & Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
2- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sho.C., Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran & Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
3- Cancer, Environmental and Petroleum Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran & Alimentary Tract Research Center, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract: (2 Views)
Malignant diseases are the leading causes of death in dogs and have many similarities to human cancers. Blood markers have great potential as noninvasive and readily available prognostic tools, but a systematic review in this area is lacking. This study aims to systematically review hematological prognostic markers in canine malignancies and investigate their application in human oncology. This PRISMA-based systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. In canine lymphoma, NLR (cutoff 3.764), hypoalbuminemia, monocytosis, and leukocytosis were associated with reduced survival. In splenic angiosarcoma, NRR was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR=1.837), and PLR was inversely associated with recurrence and death. In canine acute leukemia, normal neutrophil counts were associated with improved survival, and RTK RAS mutations were found in 71% of cases, similar to humans, but DNMT3A and NPM1 mutations were not seen in dogs. In osteosarcoma and mammary carcinoma, significant molecular similarities were also identified between the two species. These findings have been confirmed in human oncology, and similar blood ratios have been proposed as prognostic markers in corresponding human malignancies. Simple hematological indices, especially the NLR, NRR, and PLR ratios, have high potential as prognostic factors, and the significant molecular similarities with humans make the dog a valuable model for comparative oncology. However, species differences necessitate prospective studies with large sample sizes for validation. A “one health” approach in this area could lead to significant advances in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer in dogs and humans.
Type of Study: Systematic Review Article |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2026/06/28 | Accepted: 2026/07/7 | Published: 2026/08/15
Received: 2026/06/28 | Accepted: 2026/07/7 | Published: 2026/08/15
References
1. Dias-Pereira P. Morbidity and mortality in elderly dogs-a model for human aging. BMC veterinary research. 2022;18(1):457. [DOI:10.1186/s12917-022-03518-8]
2. Oh JH, Cho J-Y. Comparative oncology: overcoming human cancer through companion animal studies. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2023;55(4):725-34. [DOI:10.1038/s12276-023-00977-3]
3. Vadlamudi SN. Detection of Cell-Free Tumor DNA in Liquid Biopsies of Dogs with B Cell Lymphoma: A Biomarker Discovery: Virginia Tech; 2024. https://hdl.handle.net/10919/120910
4. Będkowska D, Al-Ameri S, Wieczorek A, Bubak J, Miszczak M. What We Know and Do Not Yet Know About the Canine Model of Lymphoma in Human Medicine-The Current State of Knowledge. Cancers. 2025;17(4):596. [DOI:10.3390/cancers17040596]
5. Kisseberth WC, Hanel W, Seelig DM. Lymphoma. Comparative Oncology. 2026:159-203. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-032-04454-9_10]
6. Fenger JM, London CA. Dogs as a Model for Cancer: An Update. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 2026;14(1):341-74. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-animal-111523-101930]
7. Addanki S, Kim L, Stevens A. Understanding and targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in acute myeloid leukemia: An updated comprehensive review. Cancers. 2025;17(8):1355. [DOI:10.3390/cancers17081355]
8. Dozzo A, Galvin A, Shin J-W, Scalia S, O'Driscoll CM, Ryan KB. Modelling acute myeloid leukemia (AML): What's new? A transition from the classical to the modern. Drug Delivery and Translational Research. 2023;13(8):2110-41. [DOI:10.1007/s13346-022-01189-4]
9. Harris R, Bienzle D, Meichner K, Springer N, Glaubitz J, Stokol T. Dogs with acute leukemia have shared and unique genetic mutations compared to human acute leukemia. Blood. 2025;146:3500. [DOI:10.1182/blood-2025-3500]
10. Luong HTT, Vercammen S, de Marco A, De Rooster H, Cosma A. Angiosarcoma: a systematic review of biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Oncology. 2025;15:1623327. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2025.1623327]
11. Heishima K, Aketa N, Heishima M, Kawachi A. Hemangiosarcoma in dogs as a potential non-rodent animal model for drug discovery research of angiosarcoma in humans. Frontiers in oncology. 2023;13:1250766. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2023.1250766]
12. Queiroga FP, Marques AM, Gregório H, Petrucci GN. Canine Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: Biological Behavior, Clinical Challenges and Therapeutic Limitations. Animals. 2026;16(5):778. [DOI:10.3390/ani16050778]
13. Fitzgerald RC, Antoniou AC, Fruk L, Rosenfeld N. The future of early cancer detection. Nature medicine. 2022;28(4):666-77. [DOI:10.1038/s41591-022-01746-x]
14. Dabral P, Bhasin N, Ranjan M, Makhlouf MM, Abd Elmageed ZY. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles as liquid biopsy for diagnosis and prognosis of solid tumors: their clinical utility and reliability as tumor biomarkers. Cancers. 2024;16(13):2462. [DOI:10.3390/cancers16132462]
15. Banerjee S, Booth CM, Bruera E, Buechler MW, Drilon A, Fry TJ, et al. Two decades of advances in clinical oncology-lessons learned and future directions. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2024;21(11):771-80. [DOI:10.1038/s41571-024-00945-4]
16. Markham MJ, Wachter K, Agarwal N, Bertagnolli MM, Chang SM, Dale W, et al. Clinical cancer advances 2020: annual report on progress against cancer from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2020;38(10):1081. [DOI:10.1200/JCO.19.03141]
17. Akhoundova D, Rubin MA. Clinical application of advanced multi-omics tumor profiling: Shaping precision oncology of the future. Cancer cell. 2022;40(9):920-38. [DOI:10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.011]
18. Colombe P, Béguin J, Benchekroun G, Le Roux D. Blood biomarkers for canine cancer, from human to veterinary oncology. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2022;20(4):767-77. [DOI:10.1111/vco.12848]
19. Hussein AD, Al-Shammari M, Alqaisy MRK, Mohsein OA. Emerging biomarkers in cancer detection and prognosis: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Immunology. 2025;7(1):1-12. [DOI:10.33545/26648482.2025.v7.i1a.3]
20. Nøst TH, Alcala K, Urbarova I, Byrne KS, Guida F, Sandanger TM, et al. Systemic inflammation markers and cancer incidence in the UK Biobank. European journal of epidemiology. 2021;36(8):841-8. [DOI:10.1007/s10654-021-00752-6]
21. Torvik Knutsen H. Minireview: Biomarkers in veterinary oncology-with the focus on blood biomarkers A literature review 2023. http://hdl.handle.net/10832/3907
22. Rocha MdCP, Araújo D, Carvalho F, Vale N, Pazzini JM, Feliciano MAR, et al. Canine multicentric lymphoma: diagnostic, treatment, and prognostic insights. Animals. 2025;15(3):391. [DOI:10.3390/ani15030391]
23. Ke C-H, Liu C-C, Wang S-L, Lin C-S. Paired analysis of D-Dimer and its correlated hemostatic parameters in 30 dogs with neoplasms after tumorectomy. Animals. 2023;13(6):969. [DOI:10.3390/ani13060969]
24. Clara NS, Finbarrs-Bello E, Ugwuene F, Maduka L, Odurukwe O, Aneke E, et al. The use of complete blood count as inflammatory biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancers in Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, Parklane Enugu. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health. 2022;20(12):88-117. [DOI:10.9734/ajmah/2022/v20i12773]
25. Hu T, Zhai J, Yang Z, Peng J, Wang C, Liu X, et al. Myeloid‐Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Targeted Therapeutic Innovations. MedComm. 2025;6(6):e70231. [DOI:10.1002/mco2.70231]
26. Xavier PLP, Müller S, Fukumasu H. Epigenetic mechanisms in canine cancer. Frontiers in oncology. 2020;10:591843. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2020.591843]
27. Nelly IV OE. Role of MicroRNA in Canine Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Purdue University Graduate School; 2023. [DOI:10.25394/PGS.24257110]
28. Ludwig L, Treleaven H, Moorehead R, Foster RA, Wood RD, Ali RA, et al. Classification and Prognostication of B‐Cell and T‐Cell Multicentric Lymphoma in Dogs Using Serum MicroRNAs. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2025;23(2):310-9. [DOI:10.1111/vco.13057]
29. Capuano C, Moccia V, Molinari A, Torrigiani F, Ferro L, Ferraresso S, et al. Free circulating versus extracellular vesicle-associated microRNA expression in canine T-cell lymphoma. Frontiers in veterinary science. 2024;11:1461506. [DOI:10.3389/fvets.2024.1461506]
30. Olson K. Evaluating peripheral leukocyte ratios to predict disease status and outcome in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma: University of Missouri--Columbia; 2025. [DOI:10.32469/10355/110146]
31. Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical use of molecular biomarkers in canine and feline oncology: Current and future. Veterinary sciences. 2024;11(5):199. [DOI:10.3390/vetsci11050199]
32. LeBlanc AK, Mazcko CN. Improving human cancer therapy through the evaluation of pet dogs. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2020;20(12):727-42. [DOI:10.1038/s41568-020-0297-3]
33. Gargiulo S, Vecchiarelli L, Pagni E, Gramanzini M. The role of canine models of human cancer: overcoming drug resistance through a transdisciplinary "One Health, One Medicine" approach. Cancers. 2025;17(12):2025. [DOI:10.3390/cancers17122025]
34. Gray M, Meehan J, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Turnbull AK, Morrison LR, et al. Naturally-occurring canine mammary tumors as a translational model for human breast cancer. Frontiers in oncology. 2020;10:617. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2020.00617]
35. Avery AC. The genetic and molecular basis for canine models of human leukemia and lymphoma. Frontiers in oncology. 2020;10:23. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2020.00023]
36. Bergholtz H, Lien T, Lingaas F, Sørlie T. Comparative analysis of the molecular subtype landscape in canine and human mammary gland tumors. Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia. 2022;27(2):171-83. [DOI:10.1007/s10911-022-09523-9]
37. Amin SB, Anderson KJ, Boudreau CE, Martinez-Ledesma E, Kocakavuk E, Johnson KC, et al. Comparative molecular life history of spontaneous canine and human gliomas. Cancer cell. 2020;37(2):243-57. e7. [DOI:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.01.004]
38. André AS, Dias JN, Aguiar SI, Leonardo A, Nogueira S, Amaral JD, et al. Panobinostat-loaded folate targeted liposomes as a promising drug delivery system for treatment of canine B-cell lymphoma. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1236136. [DOI:10.3389/fvets.2023.1236136]
39. Coyne MJ, Drake C, McCrann DJ, Kincaid D. The association between symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations and various neoplasms in dogs and cats. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2022;20(4):846-53. [DOI:10.1111/vco.12845]
40. Dias JN, Andre AS, Aguiar SI, Gil S, Tavares L, Aires-da-Silva F. Immunotherapeutic strategies for canine lymphoma: Changing the odds against non-hodgkin lymphoma. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8:621758. [DOI:10.3389/fvets.2021.621758]
41. Alshammari AH, Oshiro T, Ungkulpasvich U, Yamaguchi J, Morishita M, Khdair SA, et al. Advancing veterinary oncology: next-generation diagnostics for early cancer detection and clinical implementation. Animals. 2025;15(3):389. [DOI:10.3390/ani15030389]
42. Sparks A, Woods JP, Bienzle D, Wood GA, Coomber BL. Whole genome sequencing analysis of high confidence variants of B-cell lymphoma in Canis familiaris. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238183. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0238183]
43. Henriques J, Felisberto R, Constantino‐Casas F, Cabeçadas J, Dobson J. Peripheral blood cell ratios as prognostic factors in canine diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with CHOP protocol. Veterinary and comparative oncology. 2021;19(2):242-52. [DOI:10.1111/vco.12668]
44. Sutthigran S, Saisawart P, Teewasutrakul P, Sirivisoot S, Thanaboonnipat C, Rungsipipat A, et al. Hematological and blood biochemistry parameters as prognostic indicators of survival in canine multicentric lymphoma treated with COP and L-COP protocols. Veterinary World. 2024;17(2):344. [DOI:10.14202/vetworld.2024.344-355]
45. Zhang W, Ruan J, Zhou D, Han X, Zhang Y, Wang W, et al. predicting worse survival for newly diagnosed t cell lymphoma based on the decreased baseline CD16−/CD16+ monocyte ratio. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):7757. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-64579-z]
46. Chen L, Kong X, Yan C, Fang Y, Wang J. The research progress on the prognostic value of the common hematological parameters in peripheral venous blood in breast cancer. OncoTargets and therapy. 2020:1397-412. [DOI:10.2147/OTT.S227171]
47. Sutthigran S. Use of ultrasonography for evaluation of response to chemotherapy in canine multicentric lymphoma. 2024. https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/chulaetd/12747?utm_source=digital.car.chula.ac.th%2Fchulaetd%2F12747&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
48. Mohapatra D, Acharya S, Prabhakar P, Ramachandran M, Setlur K, Mandal P, et al. Prognostic value of serum albumin recovery in pediatric cancer patients: insights into cancer-cachexia and survival outcomes. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2026:1-14. [DOI:10.1080/08880018.2025.2611938]
49. Picáns-Leis R, Nieto F, Romero-Agrelo A, Izquierdo-López I, Rivas-Rodríguez L, Vázquez-Cobela R, et al. Impact of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Treatment on the Nutritional Status of Paediatric Patients: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2024;16(23):4119. [DOI:10.3390/nu16234119]
50. Tyas F, As' ad S, Safitri A, Bamahry A. Nutrition Therapy on Cutaneous Lymphoma Patient with Anemia and Hypoalbuminemia: A Case Report. Green Medical Journal. 2020;2(2):66-76. [DOI:10.33096/gmj.v2i2.53]
51. Tang F, Tie Y, Tu C, Wei X. Surgical trauma-induced immunosuppression in cancer: Recent advances and the potential therapies. Clinical and Translational Medicine. 2020;10(1):199-223. [DOI:10.1002/ctm2.24]
52. e Silva GdAF, Jimenez JJ, de Moura FBC, de Souza Gomes T, Ordoñez FJP, Florez LMM, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, monocyte-to-lymphocyte, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios as prognostic markers in canine osteosarcoma: Correlation with cytological and histopathological features. Research in Veterinary Science. 2025:105846. [DOI:10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105846]
53. Park S, Kim S, Hong YJ, Park JH, Han M, Lee Y, et al. Blood Neutrophil‐to‐Lymphocyte Ratio as a Potential Prognostic Marker in Dogs≤ 10 kg With Multicentric Lymphoma. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2024;22(4):470-9. [DOI:10.1111/vco.12992]
54. Pichardo-Rodriguez R, Vela-Ruiz JM, Villela L, Torres Viera M-A, Beltran-Garate B, Ruiz-Franco O, et al. Prognostic relevance of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis and dose-response evidence. Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2025;66(14):2752-64. [DOI:10.1080/10428194.2025.2566980]
55. Shih M-f, Lue K-h, Wang T-f, Chu S-c, Huang C-h. Association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and infection and survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. In Vivo. 2023;37(2):948-54. [DOI:10.21873/invivo.13167]
56. Cermeno S, Zajc AL, Sparks T, Molina CC, Swallow A. Monocyte and Lymphocyte Count, and Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio as Prognostic Factors at the Time of First Relapse in Canine Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. Animals. 2025;16(1):9. [DOI:10.3390/ani16010009]
57. Ko Y-U, Bae M-K, Sur J-H, Choe N-H. Analysis of the prevalence of canine splenic mass lesions in Republic of Korea via histopathological diagnosis with immunohistochemistry. Veterinary Sciences. 2023;10(4):247. [DOI:10.3390/vetsci10040247]
58. Marques AM, Petrucci G, Gregório H, Lobo L, Henriques J, Figueira AC, et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Blood Ratios in Canine Splenic Hemangiosarcoma: A Multicentric Observational Study. Veterinary Sciences. 2025;12(4):346. [DOI:10.3390/vetsci12040346]
59. Kapturska KM, Pawlak A. New molecular targets in canine hemangiosarcoma-Comparative review and future of the precision medicine. Veterinary and comparative oncology. 2023;21(3):357-77. [DOI:10.1111/vco.12917]
60. Navarro PF, Monroig M, Gil-Vicente L. Reference Intervals for Hematological Inflammatory Ratios in Healthy Dogs. Animals. 2025;15(23):3376. [DOI:10.3390/ani15233376]
61. Chan JY, Tan GF, Yeong J, Ong CW, Ng DYX, Lee E, et al. Clinical implications of systemic and local immune responses in human angiosarcoma. NPJ Precision Oncology. 2021;5(1):11. [DOI:10.1038/s41698-021-00150-x]
62. Awaji K, Miyagawa T, Omatsu J, Numajiri H, Kawai T, Funamizu K, et al. Prognostic relevance of pretreatment peripheral neutrophil count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in primary cutaneous angiosarcoma. Acta dermato-venereologica. 2021;101(8):111. [DOI:10.2340/00015555-3898]
63. Telvizian T, May AC, Agyei O, Zeger E. Primary splenic angiosarcoma presenting as thrombocytopenia. BMJ Case Reports CP. 2025;18(5):e262536. [DOI:10.1136/bcr-2024-262536]
64. Martinez C, Asso RN, Rastogi N, Freeman CR, Cury FL. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for the prediction of soft tissue sarcomas response to pre-operative radiation therapy. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2024;195:110239. [DOI:10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110239]
65. Fiore M, Ljevar S, Pasquali S, Morelli D, Callegaro D, Sanfilippo R, et al. Preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and a new inflammatory biomarkers prognostic index for primary retroperitoneal sarcomas: retrospective monocentric study. Clinical cancer research. 2023;29(3):614-20. [DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-2897]
66. Li L-Q, Bai Z-H, Zhang L-H, Zhang Y, Lu X-C, Zhang Y, et al. Meta-analysis of hematological biomarkers as reliable indicators of soft tissue sarcoma prognosis. Frontiers in Oncology. 2020;10:30. [DOI:10.3389/fonc.2020.00030]
67. Matsuyama A, Beeler‐Marfisi J, Wood RD, Richardson D, Calvalido J, Mutsaers AJ, et al. Treatment of myeloid neoplasia with doxorubicin and cytarabine in 11 dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2023;21(1):54-61. [DOI:10.1111/vco.12860]
68. Schlein LJ, Thamm DH. NF-kB activation in canine cancer. Veterinary pathology. 2022;59(5):724-32. [DOI:10.1177/03009858221092017]
69. Tarone L, Barutello G, Iussich S, Giacobino D, Quaglino E, Buracco P, et al. Naturally occurring cancers in pet dogs as pre-clinical models for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2019;68(11):1839-53. [DOI:10.1007/s00262-019-02360-6]
70. Loubser LC, Botha WJ, Rautenbach Y, Celliers A. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase index in juvenile dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2026:10406387261436360. [DOI:10.1177/10406387261436360]
71. Thomas X, Elhamri M, Heiblig M. Emerging pharmacotherapies for elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients. Expert Review of Hematology. 2020;13(6):619-43. [DOI:10.1080/17474086.2020.1758058]
72. Wen J, Xu F, Zhou Q, Shi L, Liu Y, Yue J, et al. Effects of peripheral blood leukocyte count and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on early death in acute promyelocytic leukemia. BMC cancer. 2023;23(1):27. [DOI:10.1186/s12885-022-10499-2]
73. Jackson-Oxley J, Alibhai AA, Guerin J, Thompson R, Patke R, Harris AE, et al. Comparison of differentially expressed genes in human and canine osteosarcoma. Life. 2025;15(6):951. [DOI:10.3390/life15060951]
74. Mayer Kluppel L. Investigating Klothos and microRNAs as potential novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for Human Breast Cancer (HBC) and Canine Mammary Carcinoma (CMC) 2025. https://hdl.handle.net/2346/105203
75. Song X, Skog S, Wei L, Qin J, Yang R, Li J, et al. Nomogram model of serum thymidine kinase 1 combined with ultrasonography for prediction of central lymph node metastasis risk in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma pre-surgery. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2024;15:1366219. [DOI:10.3389/fendo.2024.1366219]
76. Wang X, Li S, Zhao R, Li H, Gao P, Jin C, et al. Development of a Novel Recombinant Full‐Length IgY Monoclonal Antibody against Human Thymidine Kinase 1 for Automatic Chemiluminescence Analysis on a Sandwich Biotin‐Streptavidin Platform for Early Tumour Discovery. Journal of Immunology Research. 2023;2023(1):7612566. [DOI:10.1155/2023/7612566]
77. Saellström S. IMMUNOTHERAPY AND TUMOR BIOMARKERS IN CLINICAL COMPARATIVE ONCOLOGY. http://hdl.handle.net/10138/595125
78. Mosca M, Nigro MC, Pagani R, De Giglio A, Di Federico A. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in NSCLC, gastrointestinal, and other solid tumors: immunotherapy and beyond. Biomolecules. 2023;13(12):1803. [DOI:10.3390/biom13121803]
79. Masyr AR, Rendahl AK, Winter AL, Borgatti A, Modiano JF. Retrospective evaluation of thrombocytopenia and tumor stage as prognostic indicators in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2021;258(6):630-7. [DOI:10.2460/javma.258.6.630]
80. Lee DS. Clinical implications of the serum platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in the modern radiation oncology era: research update and literature review. Radiation Oncology. 2024;19(1):107. [DOI:10.1186/s13014-024-02485-8]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
